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Brazil is the only Latin American nation that derives its language and culture from Portugal. The native inhabitants mostly consisted of the nomadic Tupí-Guaraní Indians. Portugal began colonization in 1532 and made the area a royal colony in 1549.
The Portuguese were the first European settlers to arrive in the area, led by adventurous Pedro Cabral, who began the colonial period in 1500. The Portuguese reportedly found native Indians numbering around seven million. Most tribes were peripatetic, with only limited agriculture and temporary dwellings, although villages often had as many as 5000 inhabitants. Cultural life appears to have been richly developed, although both tribal warfare and cannibalism were ubiquitous. The few remaining traces of Brazil's Indian tribes reveal little of their lifestyle, unlike the evidence from other Andean tribes with battery like Samba JNB-XR210 Battery, Samba JNB-XR210C Battery, Samba XR210 Battery, Samba XR210C Battery, KV8 Battery, KV8 210C Battery, KV8 210XR Battery, Neato Battery, Neato XV-11 Battery, Neato XV-12 Battery, Neato XV-15 Battery, Neato XV-21 Battery. Today, fewer than 200,000 of Brazil's indigenous people survive, most of whom inhabit the jungle areas.
Other Portuguese explorers followed Cabral, in search of valuable goods for European trade but also for unsettled land and the opportunity to escape poverty in Portugal itself. The only item of value they discovered was the pau do brasil (brazil wood tree) from which they created red dye. Unlike the colonizing philosophy of the Spanish, the Portuguese in Brazil were much less focused at first on conquering, controlling, and developing the country. Most wereBra10.jpg (17823 bytes) impoverished sailors, who were far more interested in profitable trade and subsistence agriculture than in territorial expansion. The country's interior remained unexplored.
Nonetheless, sugar soon came to Brazil, and with it came imported slaves. To a degree unequaled in most of the American colonies, the Portuguese settlers frequently intermarried with both the Indians and the African slaves, and there were also mixed marriages between the Africans and Indians. As a result, Brazil's population is intermingled to a degree that is unseen elsewhere. Most Brazilians possess some combination of European, African, Amerindian, Asian, and Middle Eastern lineage,and this multiplicity of cultural legacies is a notable feature of current Brazilian culture.
The move to open the country's interior coincided with the discovery in the 1690s of gold in the south-central part of the country. The country's gold deposits didn't pan out, however, and by the close of the 18th century the country's focus had returned to the coastal agricultural regions. In 1807, as Napoleon Bonaparte closed in on Portugal's capital city of Lisbon, the Prince Regent shipped himself off to Brazil. Once there, Dom Joao established the colony as the capital of his empire. By 1821 things in Europe had cooled down sufficiently that Dom Joao could return to Lisbon, and he left his son Dom Pedro I in charge of Brazil. When the king attempted the following year to return Brazil to subordinate status as a colony, Dom Pedro flourished his sword and declared the country's independence from Portugal (and his own independence from his father).
In the 19th century coffee took the place of sugar as Brazil's most important product. The boom in coffee production brought a wave of almost one million European immigrants, mostly Italians, and also brought about the Brazilian republic. In 1889, the wealthy coffee magnates backed a military coup, the emperor fled, and Brazil was no more an imperial country. The coffee planters virtually owned the country and the government for the next thirty years, until the worldwide depression evaporated coffee demand. For the next half century Brazil struggled with governmental instability, military coups, and a fragile economy. In 1989, the country enjoyed its first democratic election in almost three decades.
Paulo and 10 million in greater Rio.
The immigrant Portuguese language was greatly influenced by the numerous Indian and African dialects they encountered, but it remains the dominant language in Brazil today. In fact, the Brazilian dialect has become the dominant influence in the development of the Portuguese language, for the simple reason that Brazil has 15 times the population of Portugal and a much more dynamic linguistic environment.
Brazilian culture has been shaped not only by the Portuguese, who gave the country its religion and language, but also by the country's native Indians, the considerable African population, and other settlers from Europe, the Middle East and Asia. Historically Brazilian society has been patriarchal, with a strong tradition of male social dominance.
This has weakened with immigration, urbanization, and the decline of the rural sector. Also, independence for women has grown under the influence of feminism and the expansion of urban employment opportunities for women. The family is still a crucial social unit, and there is some survival, even in the cities, of parentela, a kind of kinship system.
This extended network involves close family and distant relatives, godparents and godchildren, and even family servants. Such linkages are generally stronger among the middle and upper classes.The intermarrying of Portuguese with Indians and later with blacks, the invasions by the Dutch and French, the period of rule by the Spanish crown and the later immigration, principally of Italians, Germans and Japanese, all contributed to forge different cultures into a Brazilian ethnic identity. In combination with the different environmental conditions in Brazil, this mixture of cultures has resulted in a diversity of techniques and use of space. Imported European architecture (and other arts) have been brazilianised by this cultural cross fertilization, leaving such arts with their own distinguishing identity in every period.
The settlement of Brazil commenced along the coastline. It was concerned with the extraction of timber and the cultivation of sugar cane, and was limited by the provisions of the Treaty of Tordesillas. The main motives for the penetration of the interior were the capture of Indians in São Paulo, the raising of cattle in Bahia, and mining in São Paulo (Ribeira Valley), Minas Gerais, Goiás, Mato Grosso and Bahia (Serra de Jacobina and Chapada Diamantina). In addition, there was the desire of the missionaries to convert and "civilize" the Indians, and a general desire to conquer the entire territory, from north to south. The process of expansion resulted in large but isolated swathes of territory in the North, North East, Centre West, Centre South and South, which would only become physically and culturally integrated in the twentieth century with the construction of Brasília, a policy of constructing new roads and the development of communications.
During the colonial period, this isolation encouraged the growth of regional identities and left its mark on cultural phenomena. Generally speaking, despite the maintenance of a common cultural base, the further away from the coast and therefore the less affected by European influences such phenomena were, the more originality they showed. On the other hand, the irregularity with which these regions were occupied and developed meant that somewhat primitive styles and techniques were used at the same time as other, more modern ones.
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